1
What is the name of the process by which a strand of DNA is used as a template to make a pre-mRNA strand?
transcription
2
What is the name of the process in which the information encoded on an mRNA strand is used to build a protein?
translation
3
What is the name of the process in which pre-mRNA is converted into mRNA?
RNA processing
4
Polypeptides are composed of _____.
amino acids
5
RNA processing converts the RNA transcript into _____.
mRNA
6
Right or wrong? A codon is a group of three bases that can specify more than one amino acid.
INCORRECT
7
Which of the following statements about mutations isINCORRECT?
A knock-out mutation results in the complete absence of the mutated protein.
8
When a DNA sequence is changed from TAGCTGA to TAGTGA, what type of mutation has occurred?
oppression
9
Which mutation(s) would not change the rest of the reading frame of a genetic sequence following the mutation(s)?
One mutation by addition and one by deletion.
10
If the sequence ATGCATGTCAATTGA were mutated so that a base was added after the first G and third T were removed, how many amino acids would be changed in the mutated protein?
Of the
11
If a mutated DNA sequence produces a protein that differs from the normal protein by one central amino acid, which of the following types of mutations might have occurred?
An addition mutation and a deletion mutation.
12
In the diagram below, the gray unit represents _____.
RNA-Polymerase
13
In the diagram below, the green unit represents _____.
there Promote
14
In the diagram below, the two blue wires represent _____.
ADN
15
Which of these correctly illustrates the nucleotide pairing of DNA and RNA?
GTTACG
CAAUGC
sixteen
The direction of synthesis of an RNA transcript is _____.
5' —> 3'
17
What is the name of the process that converts the genetic information stored in DNA into an RNA copy?
transcription
18
DNA doesNODo you store the information to synthesize which of the following?
Organelles
19
Transcription starts at a promoter. What is a promoter?
A site on DNA that recruits RNA polymerase
20
Which of the following statements best describes the promoter of a gene encoding a protein?
The promoter is an untranscribed region of a gene.
21
What determines which base is added to an RNA strand during transcription?
Base pairing between DNA template and RNA nucleotides
22
Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the newly synthesized RNA molecule and the DNA template?
Additionally
23
What happens to RNA polymerase II after it finishes transcribing a gene?
You are free to join another promoter and start transcription.
24
Which of the following transcription-associated terms describes nucleic acid regions?
- Terminator
- Gen
- District Attorney
25
During transcription in eukaryotes, a type of RNA polymerase called RNA polymerase II moves along the DNA template strand in the 3'→5' direction. However, for any given gene, any of the double-stranded DNA strands can function as a template strand.
For any given gene whatFinallydetermines which strand of DNA serves as the template strand?
the base sequence of the gene promoter
26
Once transcription has begun, several steps must be completed before the fully processed mRNA is ready to be used as a template for protein synthesis on ribosomes.
WhichthreeWhich statements correctly describe the processing that takes place before a mature mRNA leaves the cell nucleus?
- A cap consisting of a modified guanine nucleotide is attached to the 5' end of the pre-mRNA.
- A poly-A tail (50-250 nucleotides adenine) is added to the 3' end of the pre-mRNA.
- Noncoding sequences called introns are separated by molecular complexes called spliceosomes.
27
During RNA processing, a _____ is added to the 5' end of the RNA.
modified guanine nucleotide
28
During RNA processing, a _____ is added to the 3' end of the RNA.
a long chain of adenine nucleotides
29
Spliceosomes are made up of _____.
snRNP and other proteins
30
RNA segments connected by spliceosomes are _____.
Exons
31
The translation will take place on _____.
Zytoplasma
32
Where is the translation done?
Ribosomes
33
Which nucleic acid is translated to form a protein?
mRNA
34
Which of the following processes is an example of post-translational modification?
phosphorylation
35
Which of the following steps takes place last in the translation initiation phase?
The large ribosomal subunit binds to the complex.
36
Where do new aminoacyl-tRNAs enter the ribosome during elongation?
A place
37
What is translocation?
The ribosome moves a codon along the mRNA.
38
Right or wrong. A tRNA with an anticodon complementary to the stop codon catalyzes the reaction that terminates translation.
INCORRECT
39
Which of these is a tRNA?
B
40
Which enzyme catalyzes the binding of an amino acid to tRNA?
Aminoacyl-tRNA-Synthetase
41
The tRNA anticodon, GAC, is complementary to the mRNA codon with the sequence _____.
CUG
42
What is the name of the process shown in the diagram?
Introduction (of the translation)
43
The tRNA primer binds to the _____ site on the ribosome.
PAG
44
RNA that has an amino acid attached to it and that binds to the codon on the mRNA is denoted as ____.
ARNt
45
Amino acids are attached to tRNA by enzymes called ________.
Aminoacyl-tRNA-Synthetase
46
The process performed by the ribosome of reading mRNA and making a protein is called _____.
Translation.
47
_____ translation always takes place at the start codon of the mRNA.
Introduction
48
______ of translation occurs when the ribosome encounters a stop codon on the mRNA.
completion
49
Generally speaking, which of the following mutations would most affect the protein encoded by a gene?
a frameshift deletion at the beginning of the gene
50
Which of the following statements best defines the term?Operon?
An operon is a region of DNA that encodes a number of functionally related genes under the control of the same promoter.
51
Which molecule binds to promoters in bacteria and transcribes the coding regions of genes?
RNA-Polymerase
52
What is allosteric regulation?
In allosteric regulation, a small molecule binds to a large protein, causing it to change its shape and activity.
53
What are the requirementstiredExpress structural genes more efficiently?
No glucose, lots of lactose
54
What happens to the expression oflacIgene when lactose is not present in the cell?
There is no change: thelacIthe gene is constitutively expressed.
55
What is the function oflacZGen?
This gene encodes an enzyme, b-galactosidase, that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose.
56
Which of the following enzymes converts ATP to cAMP?
Adenylylcyclase
57
Right or wrong? The mechanism by which glucose inhibits the expression oftiredStructural genes is known as catabolic stimulation, while the mechanism by which lactose stimulates the expression oftiredStructural genes is called allosteric regulation.
INCORRECT
58
The operon model of gene expression regulation in bacteria was proposed by _____.
Jacob and Monod
59
Which of these is NOT part oftiredOperon?
single gene regulator
60
Regulatory proteins bind to _____.
the operator
61
In the presence of a regulatory protein thattiredthe operon is _____.
not transcribed
62
Which of these is a regulatory gene?
D
63
A(n) ____ is a stretch of DNA consisting of an operator, a promoter and genes for a related set of proteins, usually forming a complete metabolic pathway.
Operon
64
The ________ is (are) sequential after the promoter.
genes of an operon
Sixty-five
A(n)______ is a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA that binds to RNA polymerase and positions it to start RNA transcription at the appropriate site.
District Attorney
66
A(n) _____ encodes a protein such as B. a repressor that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes.
Gen-Regulator
67
Regulatory proteins bind to _____ to control operon expression.
Operator
68
A(n) _____ is a protein that inhibits gene transcription. In prokaryotes, this protein binds to DNA at or near the promoter.
oppressor
69
A(n)_______ is a specific small molecule that binds to a bacterial regulatory protein and changes shape so that it cannot bind an operator, thereby activating an operon.
inductor
70
_____ binds to enhancer regions of DNA.
triggers
71
Which of these indicates a strengthening region?
A
72
Which one is directly linked to the promoter?
CD
73
The enzyme complexes that break down proteins are called _____.
Proteasome
74
The role of the nuclear membrane in regulating gene expression includes _____.
Regulation of the transport of mRNA into the cytoplasm
75
What is the function of a spliceosome?
RNA processing
76
The role of protein phosphorylating enzymes in the regulation of gene expression includes _____.
protein activation
77
Which of the following terms describes DNA-protein complexes that look like pearls on a string?
Nucleosome
78
Which of the following normative elements isNOcomposed of DNA sequences?
triggers
79
Right or wrong? Regulatory and basal transcription factors regulate transcription by binding to the promoter.
INCORRECT
80
Which of the following regulatory DNA sequences might be thousands of nucleotides from the transcription start site of a gene?
amplifier
81
Which of the following events at the start of transcription is likely to occur last?
RNA-Polymerase bound to the Promoter des Gens.
82
Right or wrong? One way to alter chromatin structure so that genes can be transcribed would be to make histone proteins more positively loaded.
INCORRECT